# Byte to MB

> Data, explained in bytes. A newsletter on data engineering, storage and observability.


## Posts

- [Small Files and Too Many Parts: Why Batching Your Inserts Matters](https://bytetomb.com/small-files-too-many-parts-batching-inserts/): Tiny writes are cheap to send and expensive to keep. We wrote the same 2 million rows as 20,000 files and as 2: 2.9× the bytes, 54× the read time. Here's why batching matters.
- [Predicate Pushdown and Partition Pruning: How Queries Skip 99% of Your Data](https://bytetomb.com/predicate-pushdown-partition-pruning/): Fast queries don't read faster, they read less. We measured how partitions, min/max statistics, sort order and column pruning took one query from 123.7 MB to 0.16 MB.
- [What Is a Petabyte? PB Explained With Real Numbers](https://bytetomb.com/what-is-a-petabyte/): What is a petabyte? 1 PB = 10^15 bytes = 1,000 TB; 1 PiB = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes. Why it's called peta, PB vs PiB, and a PB converter.
- [High Cardinality Explained: How One Label Can Multiply Your Metrics Storage](https://bytetomb.com/high-cardinality-metrics-storage/): Every unique combination of label values is a new time series. We measured how series count drives metrics storage, and how short-lived series cost 12.9× more per sample.
- [What Is a Terabyte? TB Explained With Real Numbers](https://bytetomb.com/what-is-a-terabyte/): What is a terabyte? 1 TB = 10^12 bytes; 1 TiB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes. Why a 1 TB drive shows 931 GB, plus conversions and a TB converter.
- [Photo and Signature Size for SSC, UPSC and Indian Passport (Official)](https://bytetomb.com/exam-passport-photo-signature-size/): Every figure below is copied from the official notice or portal instruction, linked under each row. Always re-check your specific exam notice before applying.
- [KB, MB, GB, TB Full Form: Kilobyte to Terabyte Explained](https://bytetomb.com/kb-mb-gb-tb-full-form/): The prefixes kilo, mega, giga and tera come from the SI system and mean 103, 106, 109 and 1012.
- [Which Is Bigger, KB or MB? (With Examples)](https://bytetomb.com/which-is-bigger-kb-or-mb/): MB is bigger. 1 MB = 1,000 KB in decimal units, or 1,024 KB when your system counts in binary. So 500 KB is half an MB, and 2,048 KB is 2 MB in binary.
- [What Is a Gigabyte? GB Explained With Real Numbers](https://bytetomb.com/what-is-a-gigabyte/): A gigabyte (GB) is a unit of digital data. In the SI (decimal) system used by storage makers and networks, 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes (109).
- [MB vs MiB: The Difference Between Megabyte and Mebibyte](https://bytetomb.com/mb-vs-mib/): 1 MB (megabyte) = 1,000,000 bytes. 1 MiB (mebibyte) = 1,048,576 bytes (220). A MiB is 4.86% bigger than an MB.
- [Columnar Storage Explained: How Columns, Sort Order and Codecs Shrink Your Data](https://bytetomb.com/columnar-storage-compression-sort-order/): The same million log rows took 102.6 MB as CSV and 15.2 MB as sorted, compressed Parquet. Learn how columnar layout, encodings, codecs and sort order shrink data and speed up queries.
- [Hot, Warm, Cold: How Data Retention Multiplies Your Observability Storage](https://bytetomb.com/observability-data-retention-hot-warm-cold/): Retention quietly multiplies your log and metric storage. Learn how hot, warm and cold tiers, TTLs and metric rollups keep observability data useful without keeping every byte forever.
- [From Bytes to Megabytes: How Data Size Really Works (and Why Your Logs Cost More Than You Think)](https://bytetomb.com/bytes-to-megabytes-how-data-size-works/): Bits, bytes, KB, MB and GB explained, why 1 KB is sometimes 1,024 bytes, a quick conversion table, and how compression and columnar storage shrink log data.

## Pages

- [MiB to MB Converter (1 MiB = 1.048576 MB)](https://bytetomb.com/mib-to-mb/): 1 MiB (mebibyte) = 1,048,576 bytes = 1.048576 MB. To convert MiB to MB, multiply by 1.048576.
- [RAID Calculator: Usable Capacity for RAID 0, 1, 5, 6, 10](https://bytetomb.com/raid-calculator/): Usable RAID capacity depends on the level: RAID 0 = N × S, RAID 1 = S, RAID 5 = (N − 1) × S, RAID 6 = (N − 2) × S, RAID 10 = N ÷ 2 × S, where N is the number of drives and S the size of the smallest drive.
- [Video File Size Calculator (Bitrate × Duration)](https://bytetomb.com/video-file-size-calculator/): File size = bitrate × duration ÷ 8. An 8 Mbps video with 192 Kbps audio running one hour is (8,000,000 + 192,000) × 3,600 ÷ 8 = 3.69 GB.
- [GiB to GB Converter (1 GiB = 1.073741824 GB)](https://bytetomb.com/gib-to-gb/): 1 GiB (gibibyte) = 1,073,741,824 bytes = 1.073741824 GB. To convert GiB to GB, multiply by 1.073741824.
- [Kbps to Mbps Converter (1 Mbps = 1,000 Kbps)](https://bytetomb.com/kbps-to-mbps/): To convert Kbps to Mbps, divide by 1,000. 1 Mbps = 1,000 Kbps, so 512 Kbps = 0.512 Mbps and 2,000 Kbps = 2 Mbps. For Mbps to Kbps, multiply by 1,000.
- [Mbps to Gbps Converter (1 Gbps = 1,000 Mbps)](https://bytetomb.com/mbps-to-gbps/): To convert Mbps to Gbps, divide by 1,000. 1 Gbps = 1,000 Mbps, so 500 Mbps = 0.5 Gbps and 100 Mbps = 0.1 Gbps.
- [Bits to Bytes Converter](https://bytetomb.com/bits-to-bytes/): Bits divided by 8 give bytes. Then kilobytes and megabytes follow.
- [Mbps to MB/s Converter](https://bytetomb.com/mbps-to-mb-s/): Internet speed in megabits per second, rewritten as the megabytes per second your downloads show.
- [MB to TB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/mb-to-tb/): Megabytes to terabytes, both ways: divide by 1,000,000 or by 1,048,576.
- [TB to MB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/tb-to-mb/): Terabytes to megabytes, both ways: multiply by 1,000,000 or by 1,048,576.
- [TB to GB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/tb-to-gb/): Terabytes to gigabytes, both ways: multiply by 1,000 or by 1,024.
- [GB to Bytes Converter](https://bytetomb.com/gb-to-bytes/): Gigabytes to bytes, both ways: multiply by 1,000,000,000 or by 1,073,741,824.
- [Bytes to GB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/bytes-to-gb/): A byte count, rewritten as gigabytes: divide by 1,000,000,000 or by 1,073,741,824.
- [GB to KB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/gb-to-kb/): Gigabytes to kilobytes, both ways: multiply by 1,000,000 or by 1,048,576.
- [KB to GB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/kb-to-gb/): Kilobytes to gigabytes, both ways: divide by 1,000,000 or by 1,048,576.
- [KB to Bytes Converter](https://bytetomb.com/kb-to-bytes/): Kilobytes to bytes, both ways: multiply by 1,000 or by 1,024.
- [Bytes to KB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/bytes-to-kb/): A byte count as kilobytes: divide by 1,000 or by 1,024.
- [Compress PDF to 200 KB](https://bytetomb.com/compress-pdf-to-200kb/): A PDF, shrunk to under 200 KB in your browser.
- [Compress PDF to 100 KB](https://bytetomb.com/compress-pdf-to-100kb/): A PDF, shrunk to under 100 KB in your browser.
- [Compress Image to 100 KB](https://bytetomb.com/compress-image-to-100kb/): A JPG or PNG, shrunk to under 100 KB in your browser.
- [Compress Image to 50 KB](https://bytetomb.com/compress-image-to-50kb/): Any JPG or PNG, shrunk to under 50 KB in your browser.
- [Compress Image to 20 KB](https://bytetomb.com/compress-image-to-20kb/): A photo or signature, shrunk to under 20 KB in your browser.
- [Resize Photo in KB](https://bytetomb.com/photo-resize-in-kb/): Pick a size in KB. The photo is shrunk in your browser until it fits, and it never leaves your device.
- [GB to TB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/gb-to-tb/): Gigabytes to terabytes, with the 1,024 difference labeled instead of hidden.
- [GB to MB: How Many MB in a GB?](https://bytetomb.com/gb-to-mb/): Gigabytes to megabytes, both ways: multiply by 1,000 or by 1,024.
- [MB to KB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/mb-to-kb/): Megabytes to kilobytes, both ways: multiply by 1,000 or by 1,024.
- [MB to Bytes: How Many Bytes in a Megabyte?](https://bytetomb.com/mb-to-bytes/): Megabytes to bytes, both ways: multiply by 1,000,000 or by 1,048,576.
- [Unsubscribe](https://bytetomb.com/unsubscribe/): Remove an email address from the Byte2MB list.
- [File Size Converter & KB Converter (KB, MB, GB Calculator)](https://bytetomb.com/file-size-formatter/): Paste a byte count. Read it in every unit, decimal and binary.
- [Log Storage Cost Estimator](https://bytetomb.com/log-storage-cost/): Events per second, event size, retention, and a compression ratio. The monthly footprint, before anyone argues about the vendor.
- [Download Time and Bandwidth Calculator](https://bytetomb.com/bandwidth-transfer-time/): File size and link speed, turned into a transfer time. Bits and bytes are not mixed up quietly.
- [MB to GB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/mb-to-gb/): Megabytes to gigabytes, with the 1,024 difference labeled instead of hidden.
- [KB to MB Converter (Kilobytes to Megabytes)](https://bytetomb.com/kb-to-mb/): Kilobytes to megabytes, both ways: divide by 1,000 or by 1,024.
- [Byte to MB Converter](https://bytetomb.com/byte-to-mb/): A byte count, rewritten as megabytes. Decimal and binary, from the same number of bytes.
- [Tools](https://bytetomb.com/tools/): Resize a photo in KB, compress a PDF, convert KB, MB, GB and TB, and work out download time.
- [All essays](https://bytetomb.com/essays/): Every essay in the archive, newest first.
- [About](https://bytetomb.com/about/): A newsletter on data engineering, storage, databases, observability, and research.


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